In the early approaches regarding social isolation the focus has been mainly on the transformation in social relations caused by modernity, which increases the potential for isolation. With the formation of the Chicago school, Louise Wirth studies isolation as a style of urban living. With Park’s emphasis on the natural areas of cities, and then the neo-Marxist approaches to urban poverty, isolation is defined as a kind of deprivation related to the economic and spatial inequalities in cities. The present research has studied surveys collected from 400 citizens in districts 1 and 3 as developed regions, and in districts 17 and 19 as less developed regions. The findings show that the citizens are suffering from social isolation to a medium extent. This is while the objective dimension of social isolation is more than the medium. The testing of research hypotheses shows that there is a relationship between the level of DEVELOPMENT in a region and social isolation, so that the less developed a region, the more its inhabitants’ experience of social isolation. Especially, there is a distinct difference regarding the objective dimension of social isolation.Furthermore, there is a relationship between social isolation and the socioeconomic status of people, their age, social trust, and their sense of belonging to the neighborhood and the city.

ObjectiveThere have been contradictory findings on the relationship betweenSocioeconomic Status (SES) and child DEVELOPMENT although SES is associatedwith child DEVELOPMENT outcomes. The present study intended to define therelationship between SES and child DEVELOPMENT in Tehran kindergartens, Iran.Materials & MethodsThis cross-sectional survey studied 1036 children aged 36-60 month, indifferent kindergartens in Tehran City, Iran, in 2014-2015.The principal factor analysis (PFA) model was employed to construct SESindices. The constructed SES variable was employed as an independentvariable in logistic regression model to evaluate its role in DEVELOPMENTaldelay as a dependent variable.ResultsThe relationship between SES and DEVELOPMENTal delay was significant atP=0.003. SES proved to have a significant (P<0.05) impact on DEVELOPMENTaldelay, both as an independent variable and after controlling risk factors.ConclusionThere should be more emphasis on DEVELOPMENTal monitoring and appropriateintervention programs for children to give them higher chance of having a moreproductive life.

Purpose: The purpose of this applied research is to study the effectiveness of gamification on corporate training.  Methodology: A gamified course was designed and implemented to train the location of Fire Hosing Cabinet for 24 employees of a firefighting maintenance company in Iran Mall shopping Center in Tehran. Using a quantitative quasi-experimental research plan (post-test only control group design) the participants of the study were randomly assigned to treatment (12) and control (12) groups and trained for a week.  Conclusion: The descriptive and interpretive result of the posttest analyses indicated the effectiveness of gamification of the training performed for the employees of the firefighting maintenance company in Iran Mall shopping Center in Tehran. Moreover, the descriptive result of Gamification Acceptance Questionnaire answered by the members of the experimental group after gamified training indicated that all the participants in the experimental group were satisfied with the gamified training course.

Background: There is no single best indicator to assess the childhood socioeconomic position (CSEP) in public health research. The aim of the study is to develop and validate a new questionnaire, with adequate psychometric properties, to measure the childhood SEP of the young adults. Methods: The first phase consisted of a qualitative phase to identify the variables to measure childhood SEP through the in-depth interviews among 15 young adults (18-45 years) of rural Kerala. The second phase was a quantitative phase to validate the questionnaire through a crosssectional survey among 200 young adults of Kerala. We did content validity, reliability tests and construct validity by using exploratory factor analysis of the questionnaire to demonstrate its psychometric properties. Results: The qualitative analysis reported 26 variables spread across 5 domains to measure the CSEP. Finally, the questionnaire has 11 questions with 3 domains named as value added through paternity, maternal occupation-related factors and parental education. The questionnaire has good reliability (Cronbach α = 0. 88) also. Conclusion: We have developed a reliable and valid questionnaire to measure the childhood SEP of younger adults and can be used in various public health research.

BACKGROUND: Evaluation of socioeconomic status (SES) is an important aspect in communitybased health studies and it is a major predictor of health and nutritional status as well as mortality and morbidity from many diseases. This study aimed to construct and validate socioeconomic status short-from questionnaire (SES-SQ) in Iranian population. METHODS: This cross-sectional methodological study was conducted among 1437 Iranian general population. Face and content validity of the developed questionnaire was evaluated qualitatively. Internal consistency, construct validity using exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and latent class analysis (LCA), and convergent and known-group validity were also evaluated. RESULTS: The SES-SQ consisted of 6 items. The overall Cronbach’, s alpha was 0. 64, showing acceptable internal consistency. EFA resulted in two factors explaining 47. 78% of total variance. Three SES classes (low/middle/high) were extracted by LCA. The score of SES-SQ ranged from 0 to 17,two cutoff scores of 4. 5 and 8. 5 were determined by receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis for differentiating low from middle and middle from high SES classes, respectively. CONCLUSION: An efficient, reliable, and valid short-form questionnaire was developed for evaluating SES in Iranian general population. The relevancy of questionnaire items is not lost over time.

Lack of balance and equality in sustainable DEVELOPMENT rate of the cities laid across the East Azarbaijan Province is one of challenges imposed on the sound urban and regional management planning which is necessary to achieve a sustainable city and region. This study aims at analyzing the urban sustainable DEVELOPMENT in socioeconomic and health-culture structures of the East Azarbaijan Province in order to determine the various levels of sustainability. This practical research was conducted using descriptive-analytical method. The Topsis-AHP model was used to find entropy coefficient, dispersion coefficient and Arc Gis and SPSS software were used as well. Thirty indices were analyzed as our data. The most important findings of the study show that Tabriz City with 1378935 people owns 57.91% of the urban population of the East Azarbaijan province and enjoys a very high sustainable DEVELOPMENT rate in terms of the analyzed structures. Tabriz is followed by Maragheh, Mianeh, Marand and Sarab (9.75%) in terms of having urban population of the province. With 20.18% of the urban population rate, the third group of cities including Bonab, Ahar, Jolfa, Soufian and Mamaqan are ranked in the medium class of DEVELOPMENT. The remaining cities, which constitute 62% of cities and only 7.29% of the urban population of the province, are categorized in the low ranks of the DEVELOPMENT in terms of socioeconomic and health-culture structures. Likewise, our findings show that the measured correlation coefficient for the consolidated indices of socioeconomic and health-culture structures of cities of the East Azarbijan Province was 0.991 with the confidence level of 99%; thus these findings indicate higher DEVELOPMENT in more populous cities and lower DEVELOPMENT in thin cities. Therefore, it can be concluded that the center-periphery model is dominant in this province.